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Emile Littré: the man after whom the street is named.

  • 28/02/2024
  • About the hotel

Émile Littré was a man of many talents and commitments, whose influence has left a lasting mark in the fields of language, philosophy, and politics in France. Throughout this article, you will discover his life and his commitments to France.A life rich in experiences and rewarding.It all begins with the birth of this man, Émile Littré, born in 1801 in the 6th arrondissement. The first years of his life unfold around Cognac, but Émile Littré quickly returns to Paris by 1811. He begins his studies at the Louis Le Grand High School, located in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, where he forms a friendship with a certain Louis Hachette, who will become his future publisher. Approaching the end of his high school years, Émile Littré hesitates about his vocation. Around 1822, he eventually starts studying medicine and becomes a hospital intern. At the same time, he takes the opportunity to improve his linguistic skills and manages to master reading and writing in four modern languages by the age of 25, thus becoming an excellent Hellenist and Latinist. On the verge of completing his medical thesis in 1830 to obtain recognition as a physician, Émile Littré decides that he does not wish to pursue this professional path, although he never severed his ties with this profession throughout his life.Emile Littré was a man interested in everything… cites Jean Hamburger in his book “Monsieur Littré”. Eager for knowledge, Emile Littré agrees to translate the complete works of Hippocrates. Later, he also publishes texts on history and science, notably in numerous medical publications.Around 1835, he marries Pauline Lacoste, with whom he will have a daughter and will live in a peaceful union until the end of his days. Thanks to his various writings, he can finally settle in a Parisian apartment located on Rue de l’Ouest in the 14th arrondissement. Just steps away from the Luxembourg Gardens, which he is familiar with, this apartment is larger and more comfortable to accommodate his family.Émile Littré also had a notable political career. He was elected as a senator in 1871, representing moderate republicans. His political commitment was often in line with his philosophical convictions, notably his support for secularism and science as the foundation of society.At the age of 38, Emile Littré became a member of an institution playing a role in promoting research through the awarding of numerous prizes: the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. During this time, his attraction to the French language was stronger than ever. It was at this moment that he considered creating a dictionary entirely dedicated to etymological questions. In 1841, he submitted his idea to his friend Hachette, who ran a publishing house. This dictionary aimed to enrich words by analyzing them and providing relevant quotations. Much of his life would be devoted to the realization of this work.A week after Émile Littré’s death, the great French journalist and writer Émile Zola went so far as to proclaim him “the man of the century”.A touch of Emile Littré at the Hotel Le Littré.Take a moment to stroll through the Verandabar. Despite the digital age, Hotel Le Littré provides its guests with several copies of the Littré dictionary. Take advantage of this opportunity to explore it and deepen your knowledge while enjoying a drink of your choice that our bartender will be delighted to serve you.

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What to do in Paris during the All Saints’ Day vacations: discover the must-do activities near our 4-star hotel in Montparnasse ?

  • 05/07/2023
  • About the hotel

During the All Saints’ vacation, we open the doors of our 4-star hotel in Montparnasse. The All Saints’ Day vacations are the perfect opportunity to come to France and explore our magnificent capital, so discover our hand-picked selection of activities: from museums to parks and exhibitions, you’ll have one visit after another. Discover the charm of Montparnasse in autumn Stroll through the bohemian yet dynamic atmosphere of the Montparnasse district and indulge in a snack in the Mamie Gateaux tea room, or if you prefer a grand dinner at the restaurant La Coupole, opt for this option. For a panoramic view of Paris, ablaze with autumn colors, climb to the top of the Tour Montparnasse. In the evening, stroll down Rue de la Gaîté and choose from a rich program of shows for the whole family. Immerse yourself in the peaceful atmosphere of Parisian gardens in autumn At this time of year, there’s nothing like a family stroll to recharge your batteries in the beautiful gardens of Paris. Discover the charming autumnal face of Parc Montsouris, close to our 4-star hotel. At the Jardin du Luxembourg, children will love the little sailboats on the pond dotted with multicolored leaves. Explore cultural events in Saint-Germain-des-Prés during All Saints’ Day A mecca for Parisian culture, Saint-Germain-des-Prés is the undisputed landmark of art galleries, renowned bookshops and artists’ studios. Take advantage of your vacation to breathe in the district’s unique atmosphere as you stroll through its beautiful autumn-colored alleyways. If a downpour is forecast, take refuge in one of its charming cafés, or admire the masterpieces of the Musée d’Orsay. Shopping and culinary delights in Montparnasse at All Saints’ Day Just a stone’s throw from the hotel, mingle with the bustle of the shopping streets. In this autumn season, you can treat yourself to a shopping spree in the capital’s elegant boutiques. Our favorite? The new “Food Society” shopping center and food court, just a 10-minute walk from the hotel. Experience French gastronomy, with its emphasis on wine and cheese. If you choose to stay in the charming 6th arrondissement, let yourself be tempted by “Le Petit Josselin” crêpes or savor some autumn delights at one of the prestigious and emblematic tables of La Rotonde Montparnasse or Bouillon Chartier. If you prefer the warm ambience of a bistro, try Moustache or Terry’s Café, ideal for families. Whichever you choose, you’ll be able to enjoy the comforting specialties of the house. Iconic Paris attractions to see in All Saints’ Day During the All Saints’ Day vacations, the central location of our 4-star hotel in Montparnasse is ideal for exploring the major Parisian sites. The nearest metro station is just 400 meters from the hotel, taking you to the Louvre Museum or Notre-Dame Cathedral in around 15 minutes. If you’d like to admire the Eiffel Tower during your autumn vacation, you’re only 25 minutes away. And why not take a trip to Disneyland Paris? The legendary park is easily accessible by metro and RER, and is sure to delight (big) kids this Halloween. By staying at our 4-star hotel in Montparnasse, you’re already in the heart of Parisian life, so you can make the most of your All Saints’ Day vacation. Discover the atmosphere of autumnal Paris through cultural and culinary activities, shopping sprees and strolls through picturesque neighborhoods and flamboyant gardens.

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Le Littré: a responsible hotel in the heart of Paris

  • 02/06/2023
  • About the hotel

Hôtel Le Littré, located near the Saint-Germain-des-Prés district of Paris, is much more than just a hotel. For some years now, we have been actively involved in preserving the environment while offering our guests a comfortable and luxurious stay. In this article, you’ll discover the responsible practices our hotel employs to reduce our environmental impact.   Identical service, preserved resources, an eco-responsible hotelEnergy and water management We are committed to sustainable practices in all aspects of our operations. From the moment you arrive, you’ll be welcomed into a warm and elegant environment, where every detail has been designed to minimize the establishment’s ecological footprint. We have implemented effective measures to reduce our energy and water consumption. The establishment uses heating and air-conditioning systems responsibly and to a limited extent, enabling us to maintain comfortable temperatures while reducing energy consumption. We have also chosen to install presence detectors in common areas. If the room is unoccupied, the lighting is automatically switched off. We have also replaced our low-energy LED bulbs in all our rooms. As for our water consumption, we have installed water-saving devices on our taps and shower heads. As a responsible hotel, these environmentally-friendly installations mean we use less water. Waste management and recycling Waste management is a top priority at Hôtel Le Littré. The establishment has set up a selective sorting system in all areas, encouraging guests and staff to take an active part in recycling. Separate recycling garbage cans collect recyclable and non-recyclable waste in common areas. In addition, the hotel uses environmentally-friendly cleaning products and promotes the use of recycled materials wherever possible. For a sustainable diet Hôtel Le Littré’s kitchen is proud to offer breakfast dishes made from French produce. The hotel restaurant uses French suppliers to reduce the carbon footprint of food transportation. The breakfast buffet is designed to minimize food waste, encouraging portion control and turning surplus into delicious dishes for staff.  Solidarity actions Recycling our own waste and that of our guests is a natural reflex that Le Littré wishes to maintain. For our used equipment, we collaborate with the association Hôtels Solidaires. Volunteers collect our old pillows, comforters, mattresses, etc., and redistribute them to people in need. We are also proud to collaborate with the Sapocycle association. The aim of this initiative is to collect used soaps from our valued customers, transform them back into soap and redistribute them worldwide to people in need. We are very proud to contribute not only to improving the sanitary conditions of people in need, but also to the social integration and humanitarian action that this approach offers.     Le Littré: the ideal place for responsible travelers At our hotel, there’s no need to compromise your values during your stay. We take care to limit our ecological impact, so book one of our magnificent rooms directly on our website.  

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Hôtel Le Littré, a landmark hotel in the 6th district

  • 01/06/2023
  • About the hotel

The Hotel Le Littré is ideally located in the heart of the 6th district, ideal for couples, families or business meetings. A stay in a 4-star hotel, Hotel Le Littré has a reputation throughout the capital. A charming independent hotel in the 6th district Situated between Montparnasse and Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Hôtel Le Littré is the ideal base in this lively district. A perfect blend of discretion and refinement, our 4-star hotel in the 6th district lends a touch of excellence to your Parisian stay. Montparnasse, the strategic business district Our hotel is easy to reach from the Montparnasse train station in Paris’s 6th arrondissement, in just ten minutes. Take advantage of your stay in Paris to admire the spectacular panorama of the city from the Montparnasse tower observatory. The Montparnasse district is renowned for its typically Parisian brasseries, profusion of boutiques and cultural scene. Take advantage of the station’s proximity to make the most of your stay anywhere in France or even Spain. Saint-Germain-des-Prés, the iconic district of Parisian chic A meeting place for the most eminent painters and writers of the 19th century, Saint-Germain-des-Prés quickly established itself as an artistic and cultural landmark. This chic district welcomes you among renowned jazz clubs and luxury brands. From our hotel in the 6th arrondissement, you can explore this mecca of Parisian culture, from the Luxembourg Gardens to the Pont des Arts. Here you can discover :the fantastic collectibles of the Carré Rive Gauche ; the discreet and incredibly romantic charm of Place Fürstenberg, just behind the church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.What to visit near Le Littré hotel? The 6th arrondissement is home to a host of precious treasures. Set off to discover them, from our 4-star hotel which is a meeting point between the 6th and 15th arrondissements of Paris A stroll through the Luxembourg Gardens Every spring, the Musée du Luxembourg unveils a new exhibition. While you’re waiting for it to open, or after your visit, take a stroll through the basins and Orangerie of the superb Luxembourg Gardens. The Mademoiselle Angelina tea room welcomes you all year round for a break as chic as it is gourmet: a true ode to French art de vivre. Just a few blocks from our 4-star hotel, discover the jewel of the 6th district, the church of Saint-Sulpice, a 17th-century architectural masterpiece. Enjoy a concert by the “most beautiful organ in the world” (dixit Albert Schweitzer). Nearby treasures of the 6th district You can also easily reach the emblematic sites on the outskirts of the 5th and 14th districts of Paris.The Paris Catacombs, the world’s largest ossuary, form an incredible underground labyrinth. Just a stone’s throw from your hotel in the 6th arrondissement, discover Le Bon Marché, for an unforgettable shopping experience. A vibrant tribute to the Middle Ages, the Musée de Cluny is a must-see for medieval history buffs of all ages. From here, explore the famous Latin Quarter : one of Paris’s oldest and liveliest neighborhoods. Book a stay at the Hotel Le Littré, Paris 6 and you’ll be in the beating heart of the Left Bank of the Seine.

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The bar hotel Littré Paris, a quiet and intimate bar

  • 17/01/2023
  • About the hotel

Did you know that it is possible to have a drink or a cocktail in the Littré hotel bar, whether you are a client of the hotel, just passing through the area or a resident of the Montparnasse or Saint-Germain-des-Prés neighborhood. A hotel bar where you can sip cocktails Open from 3:30 p.m. to midnight, the bar at the Le Littré Paris hotel has areas nearby where you can relax and sip a cocktail after a day of work or sightseeing in the capital. Perfect after a day of shopping in the nearby streets, or to extend your evening after a play. A place for cosmopolitan encounters, exchange with the hotel staff or a moment of relaxation with yourself, our hotel bar welcomes you in its calm, warm and entertaining atmosphere. Under the Veranda, in summer and winter, relax in our armchairs and sofas. Our hotel bar in Paris is the perfect place to relax and change the atmosphere of your drink. The menu of our hotel bar in Paris, a menu adapted to your desires A warm and comforting drink during an autumn in Paris, a fruit juice to refresh you from the summer heat, or a spirit for your end of evening: the menu is the image of your desires! Come to the bar hotel Littré, in all seasons, you will receive an attentive welcome. You will find a wide range of choices of aperitifs, cocktails and vintage wines, available by the bottle or by the glass. To be enjoyed at the hotel bar or on the terrace of the rooms with a view of the Eiffel Tower, a glass of our famous champagnes from renowned French houses, ideal for an excellent evening. The expertise of the hotel bar Le Littré: a barman who listens to you and advises you Our barman, listening to your desires, adapts to your preferences and offers you the best products. Attentive listening is brought to you at the hotel bar Le Littré, a quality service and a mastered mixology. Our barman David, as a real passionate, presents you his colored, sweet or fruity works of art. From the blue lagoon to the cosmopolitan through the caipirinha, a colorful show is offered to you at the calm and relaxing hotel bar of the Littré Paris. And if you order the barman’s favorite cocktail, he will serve you a cosmopolitan! To make it, David reveals his recipe. For this cocktail, you will need :Half a lime Ice cubes Vodka (5 cl) Cointreau (2.5 cl) Cranberry juice An orange wedge for decorationTo make this cocktail, squeeze the juice from the lime. Then, with your shaker, pour the ice cubes first, then the vodka, the cointreau, the cranberry juice, the lemon juice and the lemon. Stir well and pour into a cocktail glass. For decoration, add an orange wedge. Your cosmopolitan is ready to be enjoyed! What is your secret for a successful cosmopolitan? My secret for the cosmopolitan is to put the lemon that I have squeezed beforehand in the shaker and to shake it. For a cocktail that I have never made before, for example, you should always taste it before serving it to the customer. A bartender has to be honest, if the cocktail is not good, you have to recognize it and not serve it to the customer. A bartender is like a chef, he makes sure that what he proposes is good before serving it to the customer   David’s interview, at the bar of the Littré hotel David, our bartender, gives you his advice on the bartending profession. A former social worker who lived in Canada before moving to Paris, he has turned to a profession of action and passion. His desire to learn allowed him to add to his bow the realization of cocktails and drinks of all kinds. His desire to create human contact during your tasting is a real exchange and sharing of ideas. What do you prefer in your job? The human contact, the exchanges with the customers. What are the qualities needed to become a good bartender? For me, the qualities necessary to be a good bartender are relational qualities, essential to create human contact, sensitivity, a sense of humor, creativity, honesty and a good presentation. Sensitivity is important in order to understand the customer’s needs, you have to be sensitive to his tastes in order to offer him the most suitable choice if he is undecided. Sometimes, a customer orders a cocktail that I don’t know, I ask him the ingredients, if he remembers the taste of this cocktail, if it is rather sweet, fruity or bitter. I have to use my imagination and be creative in order to recreate the cocktail he tasted. The customer even tells me that my cocktail is even better than the one he tasted before! Relational qualities are essential in this job. Friendliness, a smile and a sense of humor are essential. It is a relationship of exchange with the client: I use my personal experience to create a link with my life experience in Paris. I use the interpersonal skills I acquired during my former job in the social sector to listen and give the best advice. People say that a bartender should not talk about sensitive subjects such as politics or religion, but I think this is wrong. A bartender can talk about anything if he knows how to do it! You just have to find a balance, listen without judging each other’s opinions and engage in a constructive discussion. Finally, a bartender must have a perfect presentation, especially when working in a 4 star hotel. What advice would you give to a young person starting out in the profession? I think that age doesn’t matter when you are starting out, it’s the passion for the job that counts and the relational skills. You have to like having contact with customers. I would give them the advice to challenge themselves and evolve. There are different types of establishments where you can work, you can go from a small neighborhood bar to a starred hotel bar. You can evolve in the profession and become a head bartender, manage your own team, which makes your skills evolve. Then you can take on the challenge of moving on to more and more prestigious hotels. Young people are lucky to have the energy, it’s a physical job all the same.   Immerse yourself in the world of the hotel bar and in the daily life of its staff!

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What are the criterias for rating a 4-star hotel?

  • 17/01/2023
  • About the hotel

Since the French hotel industry is made up of a majority of 3-star hotels, and therefore of upper mid-range accommodations, the transition to a 4-star hotel represents an advantage in the hotel market, which is facing tough competition. Le Littré: a 4-star hotel in Paris Perfectly located, the hotel Le Littré Paris has recently had its 4-star certification renewed in March 2022. To ensure that tourists who come to enjoy a Parisian getaway for a weekend or for a long vacation, businessmen or regular customers enjoy maximum comfort, hotels are inspected by professionals in the sector. The hotel establishment applies to an auditing firm of its choice, among those accredited by the French Accreditation Committee (COFRAC), which carries out the inspection. This voluntary classification is done at the request of the hotelier: a real guarantee of quality and reliability for its customers. Following the inspector’s visit, including a mystery visit for 4-star hotels, a grade is given according to a grid of criteria. This classification awards the number of stars and remains valid for a period of 5 years. Between Montparnasse and Saint-Germain-des-Prés, a few meters from the Jardin du Luxembourg and the capital’s must-see tourist attractions, the Hotel Le Littré welcomes its guests with the comfort and facilities of a 4-star hotel in Paris. Indeed, the awarding of the certification of a 4 star hotel is based on 3 main criteria: -The quality and comfort of the equipment -The quality of the services offered -The good practices in terms of environment and reception of disabled people. The comfort and facilities in the rooms of our 4-star hotel Spacious rooms of more than 16 m² including access to international television channels, WI-FI access, a minibar, a safe, a functional air conditioning system and a kettle are the facilities available to you at the 4-star hotel Le Littré Paris. In the bathroom, you will find a hairdryer and toiletries to offer you moments of relaxation. Take a bath or a shower, as you wish. In order to meet Atout France criteria, but above all out of concern for the well-being and safety of its clients and employees, the Littré hotel has integrated devices and equipment adapted to people with disabilities. Indeed, in three of our superior rooms for disabled people, you have access to the bathroom in a wheelchair, a chair for the shower, as well as switches positioned at the appropriate height. These 3 rooms are approved for all types of disabilities.   High quality services offered by a 4 star hotel in Paris Our breakfast, which can be served in your room, is perfect to start the day on the right foot while admiring a view of the Eiffel Tower from our superior, executive or terrace suite. To book it, our online reservation system gives you the opportunity to benefit from the most advantageous offers. A service worthy of a 4 star hotel in Paris. A dedicated multilingual staff is at your disposal to give you the best advice and recommendations on the area around our 4 star hotel in the 6th arrondissement for the duration of your stay in Paris. A 4 star hotel in Paris and a 4 star hotel in the world: what are the differences? Although there are basic criteria common to all countries: room facilities, bathroom facilities, hotel services and catering, the level of service and comfort varies. To date, there is no international classification due to the economic, cultural and regulatory differences of each country. Standards and rules sometimes vary within these countries: Italy and Spain, for example, have a mandatory classification by region. If you are used to staying in Asia, the level of comfort and service of a 4-star hotel is much higher than the French average. A 5 star hotel in Asia corresponds to the quality of service of a 4 star hotel in Paris. On the other hand, the European average is disparate. Balkan countries such as Croatia and Montenegro offer a lower quality of service and comfort for a similar category and level of standing. In Egypt and Turkey, where there is no strict certification, hotels award themselves their number of stars. On the contrary, in Germany the star rating is controlled by a very strict organization, which makes a 4 star hotel very reliable and of high quality. It is therefore important to compare the services and relaxation areas offered by the hotelier beforehand in order to choose the most suitable accommodation for your needs and desired standard. Reading the comments and reviews of guests who have stayed at a 4-star hotel is an excellent way to get an idea of the level of service offered.   Come and stay at the Littré hotel in a warm and family atmosphere where our staff will listen to your needs !

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The Littré hotel, a Montparnasse train station hotel located in a historic district of Paris

  • 13/01/2023
  • About the hotel

  The hotel le Littré, located a few meters from the Montparnasse train station, is the starting point for your Parisian escapades. Between the Montparnasse and Saint-Germain-des-Prés districts, it is the ideal place to spend a comfortable night and enjoy a delicious breakfast before setting off to discover the capital or start your seminar. Discover the Gare Montparnasse area, the home of the Hotel Littré, a typically Parisian neighborhood full of stories and anecdotes where the passage of intellectuals has deeply marked the history of literature and the city.   A little history on the Montparnasse district or the “Mont Parnasse” In fact, young Parisian artists from the Paris Montparnasse train station area meeting at the foot of a hill to recite their poems in the 1920s are actually the origin of the name Montparnasse. The name refers to a Greek mountain over 2000 meters high, overlooking the city of Delphi, a symbol of Greek mythology. The city was a real place of worship of the god Apollo and the nine muses during Antiquity. The notion of height is thus the key word of the district with the famous Montparnasse Tower.    A hotel between the Montparnasse train station and Saint Germain des Prés : a place of cosmopolitan meetings  In the 1920s, the Montparnasse station district became the “center of the world”. Between bars, traditional brasseries, bookshops, intellectuals mingle. The bistros became a place of exchange, debate and disagreement that could end at dusk. The artists are an integral part of the decor of the Montparnasse district, and their works become their currency. Victor Libion, manager of La Rotonde, one of the most popular brasseries in the neighborhood, let artists sleep on the benches and gave them bread in exchange for their works. Poets, novelists, painters, and politicians gave the Montparnasse station district the reputation of a place of artistic effervescence. Apollinaire wrote: “In Montparnasse, on the contrary, we now find the real artists dressed in American style”. Today, tourists from all over the world come to see the remnants of the artistic Montparnasse. And Le Littré, a hotel just a stone’s throw from the Montparnasse train station, welcomes them with great pleasure. We are particularly pleased to welcome each year many Brazilians who appreciate our central hotel.Our hotel close to the Montparnasse station, a hotel in the center of culture  Close to the Montparnasse train station, the Littré Paris hotel is surrounded by cinemas, theaters and bistros to discover the charm of Parisian evenings. The cultural offer around the Montparnasse train station is rich thanks to its museums, monuments and places to walk: Paris Montparnasse – Top of the City, the Montparnasse cemetery, the Bourdelle museum, the Catacombs or the Cartier Foundation for Contemporary Art.  Today, the bistros near the Montparnasse station hotel – La Rotonde, Le Select, La Coupole, and La Closerie des Lilas – are remnants of the artistic tumult of the 1920s and of traditional French culture and gastronomy.  “Whichever café in Montparnasse you ask a driver from the right bank to take you to, he will take you to La Rotonde,” wrote Ernest Hemingway in The Sun Rises in 1926. As for the Closerie des Lilas brasserie, it was frequented by Hemingway, Miller, and Fitzgerald who had the manuscript of Gatsby the Magnificent read. The cinema in the heart of the neighborhood around our Montparnasse station hotel  The heart of the neighborhood became a source of inspiration for writers, novelists, poets, painters, but also directors. Montparnasse 19, also known as Les Amants de Montparnasse: a film produced by Franco London Film tells the story of life in the neighborhood around the Montparnasse station in the years 1919-1920, in the aftermath of the war through the tumultuous life of Modigliani. The love and passion for painting, alcohol, his meeting with his girlfriend Jeanne are staged in an artistic Montparnasse that reveals the talent of the famous Italian. Rebellious and of a protesting spirit, he refuses to barter his art for money. This will lead inexorably to his tragic end. It is today one of the cult films that list the artists of the XXth century parnassian.    A little trip down memory lane: the construction of the Montparnasse station Built in an art deco style by the French architect and designer Henri Pacon, the Montparnasse train station has become the 4th largest train station in France, welcoming more than 53 million travelers. It is the arrival point for many businessmen and women who come to attend or organize the trade shows and exhibitions at the Porte de Versailles. The main lines are at the terminus of the Montparnasse train station, five minutes from the Littré hotel.  The Montparnasse train station is the hub of French and international tourist destinations and is a monument to technical and artistic progress. The station was notably presented during the Universal Exhibition, a historic event that aims to present the greatest innovations of the country that welcomes visitors from around the world. The construction of the Montparnasse station has evolved over the centuries. In the 1800s, two lines were built, one of which served the terminus: Gare Saint Lazare, the station that inspired Monet for his impressionist paintings. The second line served the former barrier of Maine, called Versailles Rive Gauche. It later experienced technical and financial difficulties, forcing its reconstruction between the barrière du Maine and the boulevard Montparnasse.  In 1902, the Invalides station was built in order to unload the Montparnasse station, with the station itself as the terminus. This station provided long-distance traffic until 1935. The Montparnasse station saw thousands of travelers pass through. Moreover, the traffic coming from the suburbs exploded, so new tracks were opened in order to accommodate the maximum number of people and have a maximum flow of passengers in better conditions.